4th-The+Civil+Rights+Acts

A Civil Right Act is an act for the purpose of protecting and encouraging the exercise of the liberties and rights guaranteed by the Thirteenth,Fourteenth,Fifteenth, and Nineteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
 * What is a Civil Right Act?​**

13th Amendment: abolishes and prohibits slavery, except as punishment of crime 14th Amendment:Defines citizenship 15th Amendment:Prohibits the denial of sufferage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude 19th amendment:Federal recognition of women's sufferage
 * Civil rights Acts of the 1930's** (During the book)


 * 1931** the trial of the Scottsboro boys. (a supposed raping of two white females by nine black males)

**1936** Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at the 1936 summer Olympics. (//The reason that there are only a few racial civil rights acts in the 1930's is because "blacks" really did not have almost any political or social power at all.// )

**1948** President Truman issues an executive order outlawing segregation in the U.S. military.
 * Civil rights Acts of 1940-1999 **

1955 The Federal Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation on interstate trains and buses.
 * 1954** The Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in its ruling on Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.
 * 1955 Rosa Parks is jailed for refusing to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus. A boycott follows, and the bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional.

1957 Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus uses the National Guard to block nine black students from attending Little Rock High School. Following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in federal troops to allow the black students to enter the school.

1960 Four black college students begin sit-ins at the lunch counter of a Greensboro, North Carolina, restaurant where black patrons are not served.

1961 Freedom Rides begin from Washington, D.C., into Southern states. Student volunteers are bused in to test new laws prohibiting segregation

1962 President Kennedy sends federal troops to the University of Mississippi to end riots so that James Meredith, the school's first black student, can attend. 1962** The Supreme Court rules that segregation is unconstitutional in all transportation facilities.

**1963** Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his "I Have a Dream" speech to hundreds of thousands at the March on Washington, D.C.


 * 1964** Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, declaring discrimination based on race illegal.


 * 1976** Negro History Week becomes Black History Month.


 * 1990** President George H.W. Bush vetoes a civil rights bill that he says would impose quotas for employers. A civil rights bill without quotas passes in 1991.


 * Civil Rights Acts of 2000-2010

2003  In the most important affirmative action decision since the 1978 Bakke case, the Supreme Court (5–4) upholds the University of Michigan Law School's policy, ruling that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students because it furthers "a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body." **


 * 2008** Senator Edward Kennedy (D-MA) introduces the Civil Rights Act of 2008. Some of the proposed provisions include ensuring that federal funds are not used to subsidize discrimination, holding employers accountable for age discrimination, and improving accountability for other violations of civil rights and workers' rights.


 * 2009** In the Supreme Court case //Ricci v. DeStefano,// a lawsuit brought against the city of New Haven, 18 plaintiffs 17 white people and one Hispanic argued that results of the 2003 lieutenant and captain exams were thrown out when it was determined that few minority firefighters qualified for advancement. The city claimed they threw out the results because they feared liability under a disparate-impact statute for issuing tests that discriminated against minority firefighters. The plaintiffs claimed that they were victims of reverse discrimination under the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Supreme Court ruled (5:4) in favor of the firefighters, saying New Haven's "action in discarding the tests was a violation of Title VII."